The Advantages of Being Legal Essay Example For Students

Jackson Pollock :: Essays Papers

Jackson Pollock Jackson Pollock was an American conceptual craftsman conceived in Cody, Wyoming in 1912. He was the most youthful of his five siblings. Despite the fact that he was conceived on a ranch, he never drained a dairy animals and he was startled of ponies since he experienced childhood in California. He dropped out of secondary school at seventeen years old and continued to move to New York City with his more established sibling, Charles, and concentrated with Thomas Hart Benton at the Art Students League. Thomas Benton was at that point an extraordinary craftsman at the time where Pollock concentrated with him. Benton acted like the dad figure in Pollock’s life to supplant the first that wasn’t there. Benton was known for his huge paintings that show up on roofs or dividers. â€Å"Jack was a defiant sort at all times,† reviews his cohort and companion, craftsman Harold Lehman. He developed his hair long and helped pen a declaration reproving games, despite the fact th at â€Å"he had a strong form and the school needed to put him on the football team,† says previous instructor Doug Lemon. Pollock consistently was annoyed with himself in his examinations since he experienced difficulties drawing things like they should look. From 1938 to 1942, Jackson joined a Mexican workshop of individuals with a painter named David Siqueiros. This workshop painted the wall paintings for the WPA Federal Art Projects. This new gathering of individuals began trying different things with new sorts of paint and better approaches for applying it to huge canvas. Individuals state that this timespan was when Jackson was animated with thoughts from taking a gander at the Mexican or WPA wall paintings. Taking a gander at artistic creations from Picasso and the surrealists likewise propelled Jackson as of now. The kind of paint they utilized was blending oil hues with paint utilized for painting vehicles. Jackson saw that the shapes and hues they made were similarl y as excellent as whatever else seemed to be. Jackson understood that you didn’t must have the option to attract immaculate to make wonderful works of art. Jackson began building up an entirely different method of painting that he had never attempted and his works of art were beginning to appear to be absolutely unique from previously. Jackson additionally began activity compositions, which are canvases that are theoretical, however get the word activity from the manner in which they are made.

Health Studies and Nursing Essay

Health Studies and Nursing Essay Health Studies and Nursing Essay From Where to Start Writing a Nursing Essay? If you are writing an essay about health, medicine or nursing, you should prepare carefully before commencing. Just like writing any academic paper, you should start generating essay ideas from the minute you begin thinking about your subject matter. Undoubtedly, health is a subject that affects virtually every person, and every reader your work will reach. Hence, when you need to choose a topic for this type of the custom essay, select one that will appeal to various readers. Do bear in mind that when you write an essay on mental health or physical health, it is not aimed at yourself but at a targeted audience. Of course, it is feasible to write an essay on a subject you are not very familiar with but one that you want to learn about. You can also get help on topic ideas from Writessay.org, or you can buy a health essay via our online service. Start by creating an outline for your public health essays. It is important to understand that, no matter what stance you take, you will be analyzing your subject and showing how things are or should be done. Hence, you will need to employ all the skills you learned from writing other types of essays when you set out to write, for example, a health is wealth essay. Write a cohesive outline. Keep in mind that a paper that is carefully planned will rely on the quality of outline you create. Begin your essay with a strong introductory paragraph. This section should provide an idea of what is to follow in the body paragraphs. So, the introductory paragraph should indicate what points you will be discussing throughout your essay. Your introduction should not contain concrete opinions or facts. These will be developed and modified as your paper progresses. An effective method for writing a powerful introduction is to leave it until the other parts of your essay are done. Make use of the body paragraphs to showcase your subject knowledge. Do ensure the ideas you present are not too general in nature. If at all possible, provide supporting evidence to strengthen your points. If you think your own knowledge is insufficient or you feel you lack academic guidance, you can always get reliable help writing an essay from Writessay.org.

Nike Erp - 2332 Words

Case Study: Nike ERP Implementation Nike shoe division grew and spread rapidly around the globe from its inception in 1972 through 1998. Yet in 1999, Nike realized that in order to keep up with the growing demands of their products, and specifically their Air Jordan line of basketball shoes, they would have to make changes in the way they forecasted and projected demands and distributed their products. Eventually it was decided that these changes would take place in the form of the implementation of a new supply chain and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software system. This paper will examine the supply chain problems Nike was trying to fix with the new system, the problems that arose from the implementation of the new system,†¦show more content†¦Bowerman shocked Knight by instead telling him of his own running shoe designs and proposing a partnership with Knight, where his running shoe designs would be provided to Tiger. Eventually they started a business together called Blue Ribbon Sports, which cat ered to Beaverton, OR running crowd, with Knight literally selling shoes out of the trunk of his car and Bowerton ripping apart the Tiger shoe designs in search of ways to improve on them. Because they both had other full-time job commitments, they needed to hire someone to manage the business. In 1965, a runner by the name of Jeff Johnson joined them. Johnson’s role in the company grew from managing the Blue Ribbon Sports business to marketing the business eventually coming up with the Nike name in 1971. Johnson even designed some of the first Nike running shoes. At about this time, the relationship between Blue Ribbon Sports and Tiger began to fall apart. Bowerman and Knight decided that this would be the time to stop distributing for Tiger and focus entirely on designing and manufacturing their own line of athletic footwear. In 1972 the new Nike line of footwear debuted. Marathoner Jeff Galloway was the first athlete to wear Nike shoes across a finish line in compe tition. By 1976, Nike was experiencing annual revenue of $14 million. Since then, Nike has gone from a small upstart to the largest athletic footwear and apparel manufacturer in the world. By 1980, NikeShow MoreRelatedNike Erp1185 Words   |  5 PagesNike Case Study Nike roots trace themselves back to the 1950s with University of Oregon field coach Bill Bowerman. Bowerman was always trying to find a competitive advantage for his track runners and had the idea of a lighter show. He would late team up with recent graduate Phil Knight and create the first Nike shoe, â€Å"the Swoosh†, which debuted in 1972. Through the years, Nike would continue to create innovative sports apparel, expand into new markets, and challenge the way people look at athleticsRead MoreNike ERP Implementation Essay2298 Words   |  10 Pagesfactors for the first NIKE-i2 ERP-SCM implementation? All ERP implementations have risks associated that can lead to failure situations. The complexity of ERP systems together with demanding business environment, represent big challenges for companies when implementing an ERP. In the case of Nike, the situation is even more challenging because of the worldwide ERP deployment, and the large and complex scope of the project. Inevitably, and like all ERP implementations, Nike-i2’s project faced complicationsRead MoreNike Erp Supply Demand Study1217 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 2014 Implementation Paper - Nike ERP Supply-Demand Study Summary In 2001 Nike Inc., the world’s top athletic shoemaker, implemented new ERP software intended to assist the company with their new supply chain strategy that was intended to resolve supply-demand issue the company was dealing with. The software selected was produced i2 Technologies, a Texas based major supply-chain software vendor at cost of over US $40 million dollars (400 million for larger ERP system, which includes all costs)Read MoreScm And Erp Software Implementation At Nike2828 Words   |  12 Pages SCM and ERP Software Implementation at Nike: From Failure to Success 　　Name: Praveen kumar reddy pandem 　　Rule no:10000126104 　　 Table of contents Abstract Introduction Nike background Nike supply chain Nike supply chain project An ERP solution gone bad Playing blame game what went wrong Nike rebound Lessons learned Conclusion References Abstract: The case provides a complete account of the failingRead MoreScm And Erp Software Implementation At Nike3064 Words   |  13 Pages　　Term paper SCM and ERP Software Implementation at Nike: From Failure to Success by Praveen Kumar Reddy Pandem 　　10000126104 　　 CMP 570 　　 Table of contents Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Nike background 3 Nike supply chain 3 Nike supply chain project 4 An ERP solution gone bad 5 PlayingRead MoreScm and Erp Software Implementation at Nike – from Failure to Success2018 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction: Nike was founded under the name Blue Ribbon Sports in 1964. In 1972 the first pair of sports shoes was sold and experienced enormous growth and achieved a 50% market share within the sports shoe market in the US only eight years later. After sluggish focus and growth in the 1980ies, Nike experienced strong growth in the 1990ies and cemented the position as global recognizable brand. The increased international focus created strains on the supply chain, which was consider inadequateRead MoreErp Application For Erp Software Package Roll Outs2155 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract ERP application is the most common means for corporations of all measurements to face their particular day-to-day businesses. When ERP application should go appropriate, it can save a business hundreds of thousands on account of greater output, greater supply in addition to increased purchaser following. ERP application automates the task regarding syncing multiple features, such as gross sales, producing, customer relationship management in addition to sales, to produce a a single itemRead MoreNke I2 Erp3187 Words   |  13 PagesNike I2 ERP Implementation Failure Case Study February 9, 2014 Shafer Minnick Morgan Correll Jeff Harvey Nike stands as the World’s leading producer of Athletic Footwear, Apparel and Equipment. As of 2013 they held complete ownership or joint venture in the following companies: ïÆ' ¼ Nike Brand ïÆ' ¼ Cole Haan ïÆ' ¼ Converse ïÆ' ¼ Hurley International ïÆ' ¼ Umbro Athletic Wear ïÆ' ¼ Nike Golf ïÆ' ¼ Jordan Brand This is a rather long and somewhat surprising list to many, based on some of these brands areRead MoreThe Supply Sequence Management ( Scm ) Along With Erp Software Implementation1653 Words   |  7 Pagesalong with Demand Setting up software setup at Nike, a respected Footwear along with Apparel company. The case traces the history of supply chain along with ERP software implementation in Nike along with presents the explanation behind his or her implementation. It particulars the conditions that led to the SCM software implementation failure and as well examines the actual steps consumed by Nike to system. Finally, the case explores precisely how Nike was able to use the training from the actual failureRead MoreProject Risk Management At Ernst And Young Next Summer963 Words   |  4 Pagesa much broader way to examine a project or portfolio. Problem 2 I analyzed Nike’s successful implementation of its ERP system and found this information CIO.com. This article captivated me because I purchase numerous Nike products and view them as a successful company. It also described their failure in ERP implementation when they used an i2 system for demand planning. Although Nike consistently produces positive earnings and possesses almost double the market share of its nearest competitor (Adidas)

Teachers, Counselors, And Even Parents Seem To Think That

Teachers, Counselors, and even parents seem to think that pushing students towards applying to college early is helping them out. When most teenagers already have have multiple college classes, extra-curricular activities, and activities outside of school to worry about. To top it off, they even have to worry about getting enough sleep at night and fitting relationships and friendships into their already busy schedule. Teachers, counselors, and parents never really stop to think about whether this is helping the kids or just stressing them out more than they already are. Some may not think of stress as a big deal, since, most are adults and deal with daily stress themselves. They fail to see that stress can have more effects than just†¦show more content†¦A group of researchers from NYU conducted a study to see how much badly stress takes a toll on teenagers that are competitively trying to get into college. The study not only revealed how stress takes a toll but revealed so me of the major sources of the stress. The researchers eventually traced the root of the stress back to highschool related activities. Homework, grades, and college prep courses were the three main factors of stress. Turns out, those factors were taking a toll on the majority of students there. 49 percent of all students said they felt a great deal of stress overall. 31 percent said they felt somewhat stressed. More than 60 percent of girls experienced stress compared to 41 percent of boys. Though these are pretty big percentages, the statistics don’t stop here. Some call it tough love, but is the love too tough? Is all of the pushing really worth it or is college just a lousy investment? Some parents have found out that pressuring their teenagers into applying for college has eventually or instantaneously backfired. Parents are more worried about their kids grades than the kids are themselves.They eventually found out pushing their kids too hard can eventually lead to mental illnesses such as depression or anxiety. Too much pressure could eventually cause anybody to break. Pushing can also harm them academically. For some it will harm their gradesShow MoreRelatedThe Teacher And Administrator Focus Group Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe teacher and administrator focus group was conducted on Wednesday, March 1, 2016, before school. Seven participants were included in the teacher and administrative focus group including two teachers from Oilton Middle School, three teachers from Oilton High School, the principal of Oilton High School, and t he school district counselor. The focus group interview session enabled the researcher to build conversations around specific topics, and allowed the interviewer to build increased levels ofRead MoreEssay on Legal and Ethical Issues in School Counseling1392 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic of this paper focuses on the battles school counselors face as the law and ethical standards collide. School counselors face a number of legal and ethical issues and recognizing a clear decision isn’t always easy. School counselors have to work with a large number of students, parents, and administrators while conforming to ethical codes, state laws, and school board guidelines. This topic is of great relevance to me as I will be going into the school counseling profession. It is alsoRead MoreMy Friend Committed Suicide, I Did Not Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesCommitted Suicide, I Did Not During Junior High I had many absolutely dire problems that were constantly on my mind. My out-of-date wardrobe continuously embarrassed me. My hair would not acquiesce to any attempted hairstyle. My parents didnt understand me, my teachers were all picking on me, and nobody really liked me for me. These beliefs were all false, of course. At the time, it never occurred to me that all my concerns and volatile emotions were normal. I never considered that while I wasRead MoreWhat Makes A Superhero?1420 Words   |  6 PagesHaven t you always thought about being some kind of superhero? I’d be lying if I said I didn t because truth be told I have countless times. But let us think about it for a moment, what makes a superhero so superheroy? Is it their special powers? Secret identities? Villains they face? The image they show? Maybe it is all of these things or something else entirely. For me, being a hero is a title given to those who show their worth and are responsible for thei r actions. You don t need any powersRead MoreTeen Suicide Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesStates according to the A.F.S.P (American Foundation for Suicide Prevention)? Teen suicide rates continue to increase every year according to statistics. Today, teens are having mental struggles that can affect their everyday lifestyle and they can’t seem to find anyone to tell their problems to. They find that committing suicide is the answer to their problems because majority of teens suffer from drug abuse, relationship problems, and the biggest issue; depression. Suicide is a major issue, but hasRead MoreTeenage Depression - Teen Suicide1399 Words   |  6 Pagesthe last 25 years, the rate of suicide among teenagers and young adults has increased dramatically.† The awareness of teenage depression has increased and the public are taking steps to reduce it, however schools and parents can do more to prevent it such as a day of awareness or even so much as considering the possibi lity that a teen is depressed. Teenage depression doesn’t just affect one’s personal life but academic as well. â€Å"It can affect relationships with close friends and family†(Rà ¤isà ¤nen 1)Read MoreA Gap Between Test Scores Of High And Low Income Students1541 Words   |  7 Pageslearning philosophies have been coming into focus since the 2001 No Child Left Behind act, two of which are the No Excuses Approach and the Broader, Bolder Approach. The No Excuses Approach favors charter schools with heavy discipline, and evaluating teachers based upon their student’s test scores while the Broader, Bolder approach prefers surrounding students with a multitude of service to create a whole wellness of person as well as provide education. There have been a few objective analysts who haveRead MoreEmily Gjertsson. American Literature And History. Duncan,1104 Words   |  5 Pagespeople in prison, no matter the severity of the infraction, the context of the infraction, or even the age of the person committing the infraction. Statistics show that African American kids as young as kindergartners get put in handcuffs and arrested. This shows how these children aren’t even seen as children. They are assumed inherently guilty just because of the color of their skin. Now it may seem like this only started now, but this is only because we have these , to capture each momentRead MoreI Learn A Great Deal About How Conduct A Case Study Essay908 Words   |  4 PagesAubri much better. I now know why so many of my students struggle with organization and time management (AR 1.8, AR 3.2, AR 3.3). The whole process makes me look at all my students differently (AR 2.5.) Makes me want to be a better teacher, counselor, parent, wife, and friend. Research is empowering and a great educational tool (AR 7.1, AR 8.2). With the correct information, we would not erroneously blame behaviors on the wrong origins. Behavior is purposeful, it would serve all educatorsRead MoreThe Sociology Of Education Is The Study Of How Public Institutions1326 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand how institutions can help to socialise individuals in society and this therefore provides a good insight into why we have different cultures. Since the taking a class on the subject, I have learn so much about the educational system and how it seems to work, but not only that, I have also began to look at the way I was taught in school and how many of the things mentioned in both our textbook and as well as from the lectures given by my Professor, all come to together and it all makes sense. Some

Alternative Energy Research Paper Free Essays

Within the next few years, one can expect to see a vast change in the way that mankind harnesses energy. Alternative fuels will play a colossal role in what has become one of our generation’s largest challenges, limited supplies of fossil fuels. Scientists have been working for years to develop alternative methods to power the globe given that materials such as coal and oil are not renewable resources. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Energy Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Once they are used up, they are gone forever. New forms of energy have to be developed but what other sources are there and where will each work best? With fuel prices increasing every year and the theory that CO2 emissions from coal and petroleum products are heating up the globe, other resources of energy are being developed and put into use around the world. One of the new resources that is being put to use is wind energy. This particular type of energy is based on the old concept of windmills that used to be used on farms. When the wind blows it causes the blades on the windmill to spin. This spinning in turn, spins a turbine inside of a small generator. That action creates electricity. Although windmills are fantastic, they are not practical everywhere. Wind turbines need to have at least a 14 mph wind speed in order to do any good( Wind Power). Unfortunately this is not found everywhere. So wind turbines must be put only in places that remain consistently windy. The wind farms are also built in areas that are wide open with flat terrain. Iowa is now home to over 600 wind turbines (Wind Power). This number of wind turbines produces enough electricity to power about 140,000 homes. Minnesota and Wisconsin are also putting the technology to use in there windy locations. Some schools in Iowa are even using these wind turbines to power their schools (Wind Power). And when it comes to size on these, bigger is most definitely better. The higher that the turbine is, the more wind that it reaches, thus, creating more electricity. At the flying Cloud wind plant in northeast Iowa the wind turbines are about 240 feet tall. The largest wind turbine in the world is located in Hawaii, it stands 20 stories tall and has blades the length of a football field. The tower which holds the blades of the turbine high in the air is hollow and made of steel. The blades are made of a lighter material called fiberglass and polyester (Wind Power). So in all, a wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. A fan uses electricity to create wind. But a wind turbine uses wind to create electricity. The key is making sure that we put them in the correct locations where there is a substantial enough breeze for the wind turbines to operate. Water power or hydroelectric power has been yet another alternative resource of energy that has proven to be very efficient. Hydroelectricity is generated by the force of falling water. This method has been proven to be one of the cleanest and safest ways to produce energy. It is also extremely reliable and cost the least out of all energy resources. This means that the customers who are operating under this source of power pay very little compared to some other resources. Hydroelectric power is very similar in concept to that of the wind turbine. But instead of the wind spinning the blades, with this, it’s the force of the water. Water is held behind a dam forming an artificial lake. The enormous force of the water from the reservoir through the dam is what spins the blades on the giant turbine (Hydroelectric Power). The turbine is connected to a generator that will create electricity as it spins. Once the water has passed through the turbine spinning the blades to create electricity the water then flows back into the river on the other side of the dam (Hydroelectric Power). Energy resources like this one have proven to be very productive in the past couple of years, creating power for millions of homes every year. Things like this are a huge step in the right direction when it comes to gaining energy independence and protecting the environment. Hydroelectric power is limited to areas that have larger masses of water such as rivers. One of the most common alternative energy resources that is getting more popular with every passing year is solar energy. Solar energy has been used by humans for thousands of years. People would use it to help start fires or to keep their houses warm. But it was not until 1839 that photovoltaic activity was first shown by Edmond Becquerel. He noticed that certain materials, when exposed to light, could increase their electrical current (History of solar energy). In 1905 Albert Einstein clearly described the photoelectric effect, which is the principle on which photovoltaic is based. In 1954, scientists found that silicon found in sand created an electric charge when it was exposed to sunlight. The first long term practical use of solar cells was in that of a satellite called Vanguard 1 in 1958. This satellite was powered completely by the sun and proved just how efficient that solar electricity could become. After the energy crisis in the 1970’s, people began to realize how dependent we were on non- renewable resources and solar energy as a result became much more popular (History of solar energy). Solar comes from the Latin word for sun. The sun has proven to be the most powerful source of energy. If we could somehow harness all of the sun’s energy hitting the earth for just one hour, it would meet the energy needs of the entire world for a solid year (Energy Kids Page). We can use solar power as a heat source and as an energy source. Solar panels on a house could be used to heat water or air, or it can be used as a primary energy source. In the United States alone, more than 10,000 families get all of their electricity from the sun (Energy Kids Page). Silicon from just one ton of sand, used in photovoltaic cells, could produce as much electricity as burning 500,000 tons of coal (Energy Kids Page). The downside to solar energy however, is that it is quite expensive to make a lot of electricity using photovoltaic’s. A lot of open land is also required to have enough cells to make a substantial amount of energy. For this reason, there are few big power plants in the United States, most of them located in California. Biomass energy is another energy resource that we could begin to see more of in the years to come. Biomass is a term for natural energy. When Biomass is burned, it releases heat, this heat creates energy (Biomass Energy). If you’ve ever camped out in the back yard and had a campfire going, the action of burning logs was creating biomass energy. Biomass energy is the burning of natural materials such as trees, and plants to create heat, and then electricity (Biomass Energy). Waste products, such as trash can also be burned to create biomass energy. Biomass energy just so happens to be the most common form of renewable energy being used in the United States today. We create enough energy through the burning of biomass materials here in the United States to power over two million homes (Biomass Energy). In Iowa, some farms are growing switch grass on their land. They then sell that to the power companies who then burn it with coal to create steam for the generators which creates electricity. Energy can also be harnessed out of decomposing garbage. It puts off a gas called methane which is captured by a micro turbine and uses it to run a small jet engine which creates electricity (Biomass Energy). Nuclear energy is the most ommon of all the alternative energy resources. â€Å"Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom. Atoms are tiny particles that make up every object in the universe. There is enormous energy in the bonds that hold atoms together. Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity. But first the energy must be released. It can be released from atoms in two ways: nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. In nuclear fusion, energy is released when atoms are combined or fused together to form a larger atom (Energy Resources-Nuclear Power). This is how the sun produces energy. In nuclear fission, atoms are split apart to form smaller atoms, releasing energy (Energy Resources-Nuclear Power). Nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce electricity. Nuclear energy produces around eleven percent of the world’s energy. Nuclear power is made by nuclear fission. This heats water to create steam. The steam produced turns the turbines and then the turbines run the generator. At the very end of the line, the generator produces the electricity that will be sent to millions of homes and businesses. Some of the major advantages of nuclear power are that it costs about the same as coal, so it is not very expensive to make. It does not produce any carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gasses, so it is environmentally safe. It is a very reliable resource as well. The major disadvantage to nuclear power is the fact that it is extremely dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many thousands of years to make sure that all radioactivity has faded. Although it is very reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety. Nuclear energy from Uranium is not renewable, once we’ve mined and used all of the Uranium, it is gone forever. So although it is a very efficient way of producing electricity, the risks are a significant concern. In conclusion we can see that there is a plethora of ways to power the globe. Whether it is from the tall towers of the wind turbines, the immense pressure from the dams, the heat of the sun, the burning of all wastes and other biomass materials, or the dangers of splitting the atom to create nuclear energy, all of these resources have proven to be very effective. The answer may be to use them all together, utilizing each where it is most appropriate. Together these resources will help to dramatically alter the way that we harness energy for many years to come. Works Cited â€Å"Energy Resources-Nuclear Power. † Nuclear Power-Energy from splitting Uranium atoms 4 Nov 2008 . â€Å"Wind Power. † Wind Power 4 Nov 2008 . â€Å"Energy Kids Page. † Nuclear Energy (Uranium) Energy from atoms 4 Nov 2008 . â€Å"Hydroelectric Power. † tvakids. com. 4 Nov 2008 . â€Å"History of solar energy. † Solar Energy Information. 6 Nov 2008 . â€Å"Biomass Energy. † Allianate Energy Kids. 6 Nov 2008 . 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Pasig River free essay sample

In the years before large-scale development of Metropolitan Manila, the Pasig River was compared to the Grand Canal of Venice as it â€Å"serpented† inland, framed on both banks by patches of lush greenery and its water clear and unimpeded by waste or debris. However, migration combined with high population growth resulted in an unparalleled explosion in the size of Metropolitan Manila. The failure of the metropolis’ pollution-control mechanisms to keep pace with this population expansion has seen Pasig River become a large dumping ground for garbage, sewerage and industrial pollution. The Pasig River is now one of the polluted river in the Philippines. In the 1990’s its water was characterized as dark, murky and foul; and its banks proliferated by industries discharging untreated wastewater and informal settlers living in stilts and makeshift houses using the river as their toilet and garbage dump. The Pasig River winds generally north-westward for some 25 kilometres (15. We will write a custom essay sample on Pasig River or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 5  mi) from the Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines, to Manila Bay, in the southern part of the island of Luzon. From the lake, the river runs between Taguig City, and Taytay, Rizal, before entering Pasig City. This portion of the Pasig River, to the confluence with the Marikina River tributary, is known as the Napindan River or Napindan Channel. From there, the river forms the common border between Makati City to the south and Pasig City, followed by Mandaluyong City to the north. The river then sharply turns northeast, where it has become the border between Mandaluyong and Manila before turning again westward, joining its other major tributary, the San Juan River, and then following a sinuous path through the center of Manila before emptying into the bay. The whole river and most portions of its tributaries lie entirely within Metro Manila, the metropolitan region of the capital. Isla de Convalescencia (14 °35? 26? N 120 °59? 20? E), the only island dividing the Pasig River, can be found in Manila and it is where the Hospicio de San Jose is located. One major river that drains Laguna de Bay is the Taguig River, which enters into Taguig before becoming the Pateros River; it is the border between the municipalities of Pateros and Makati City. Pateros River then enters the confluence where the Napindan Channel and Marikina River meet. The Marikina River is the larger of the two major tributaries of the Pasig River, and it flows southward from the mountains of Rizal and cuts through the Marikina Valley. The San Juan River drains the plateau on which Quezon City stands; its major tributary is Diliman Creek. Within the city of Manila, various esteros (canals) criss-cross through the city and connect with the Tullahan River in the north and the Paranaque River to the west The growth of Manila along the banks of the Pasig River has made it a focal point for development and historical events. The foremost landmark on the banks of the river is the walled district of Intramuros, located near the mouth of the river on its southern bank. It was built by the Spanish colonial government in the 16th century. Further upstream is the Hospicio de San Jose, an orphanage located on Pasigs sole island, the Isla de Convalescencia. On the northern bank stands Malacanang Palace, the official residence of the President of the Philippines. Also on Pasig Rivers northern bank and within the Manila district of Sta. Mesa is the main campus of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines. In Makati City, along the southern bank of Pasig, is the Sta. Ana Racetrack and the Rockwell Commercial Center, a high-end office and commercial area containing the Power Plant Mall. At the confluence of the Pasig and Marikina rivers is the Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure, which regulates the flow of water from the Napindan Channel. The Pasig River is technically a tidal estuary, as the flow direction depends upon the water-level difference between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay. During the dry season, the water level in Laguna de Bay is low and the flow direction of the Pasig River depends on the tides. During the wet season, when the water level of Laguna de Bay is high, flow is normally from Laguna de Bay towards Manila Bay. The Pasig River is vulnerable to flooding in times of very heavy rainfall, with the Marikina River tributary the main source of the floodwater. The Manggahan Floodway was constructed to divert excess floodwater from the Marikina River into the Laguna de Bay, which serves as a temporary reservoir. By design, the Manggahan Floodway is capable of handling 2,400 cubic meters per second of water flow, although the actual flow is about 2,000 cubic meters per second. To complement the floodway, the Napindan Hydraulic Control System (NHCS) was built in 1983 at the confluence of the Marikina River and the Napindan Channel to regulate the flow of water between the Pasig River and the lake. History Before the mass urbanization of Manila, the Pasig River served as an important means of transport; it was the citys lifeline and center of economic activity. Some of the most prominent kingdoms in early Philippine history, including the kingdoms of Namayan, Maynila, and Tondo grew up along the banks of the river, drawing their life and source of wealth from it. When the Spanish established Manila as the capital of their colonial properties in the Far East, they built the walled city of Intramuros on the southern bank of Pasig River near its mouth. After World War II, massive population growth, infrastructure construction, and the dispersal of economic activities to Manilas suburbs left the river neglected. The banks of the river attracted informal settlers and the remaining factories dumped their wastes into the river, making it effectively a huge sewer system. Industrialization had already polluted the river. 3] In the 1930s, observers noticed the increasing pollution of the river, as fish migration from Laguna de Bay diminished. People ceased using the rivers water for laundering in the 1960s, and ferry transport declined. By the 1970s, the river started to emanate offensive smells, and in the 1980s, fishing in the river was prohibited. By the 1990s, the Pasig River was considered biologically dead Rehabilitation and Relocation Efforts Rehabilitation efforts began in 1991 with the help of the Danish aid agency DANIDA. The Asian Development Bank gave the government of the Philippines a loan of $200 million to implement a 15-year long slum upgrade program for Metro Manila which includes the rehabilitation of the Pasig River. This loan is under the conditions that the relocation and livelihoods of the illegal squatters have equal importance as the environmental aspect of the rehabilitation. The overall objective of the rehabilitation is to improve environmental management particularly with waste-water management and urban renewal. There are even talks about using Laguna de Bay for drinking water to supply the growing population of Metro Manila, on the condition that the river and surrounding waterways are cleaned and kept clean. Plans are being implemented for a dike to be built at the entrance to the Pasig River at Laguna de Bay to keep flood waters out of the river during rainy season to prevent major areas of the city from flooding, but this is coming under great controversy as the people living around Laguna de Bay would have to deal with flooding. Do to the fact that the majority of the people living on the edges of the river are illegal squatters, it is very difficult to monitor the amount of garbage of waste or to treat either of them. It is estimated that 65% of the waste flowing down the Pasig River is due to these illegal settlement villages. Philippine law states that the government has the legal right to relocate the people in these illegal settlements to 3m away from the shore of the river. This is under controversy as the government wants people to be 10m away from the rivers edge to ensure that the river stays clean, to add a buffer zone against potential flooding, to create parks and walkways, and to allow access for ships and emergency services. This was officially changed during the Joseph Estrada administration when the Metro Manila Development Authority changed the law from 3m to 10m. This is under controversy as the MMDA does not have the authority to change a national law. During the administration of Fidel V. Ramos, approximately 5000 families were relocated to the suburbs. There are approximately 700,000-750,000 people are are being affected by the relocation of illegal settlements along the Pasig River. This includes people that are being relocated away from the shores of Laguna de Bay, the Pasig River, and all of its tributaries. Around 10,000 illegal settlers will be relocated to Calauan, Philippines, which is on the southern shore of Laguna de Bay. They will be relocated into an environmentally friendly housing project. Many others are being relocated to Bulacan, Rodriguez, and Montalban. The main problem that the government is facing with the relocation of people is that a large number of the relocated people move back to Manila into a different shanty town due to the fact that they work in Manila and it is hard to find work in many other places on Luzon. Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay stated â€Å"Aside from livelihood, there should be transportation assistance†. He is referring to having some sort of assisted transportation for these urban poor so that they can live in the suburbs but still work every day in Manila. The illegal squatters who received financial assistance received P24,240. Those who have opted to be relocated or who have simply been forced to relocate by the government have been relocated to: 1. Kasiglahan Village I: Rodriguez, Rizal 2. Kasiglahan Village II: c5, Taguig City 3. Kasiglahan Village III: Trece Martires, Cavite 4. Kasiglahan Village IV amp; V: General Trias, Cavite 5. Villa San Isidro: Rodriguez, Rizal 6. Jaime Cardinal Sin Village: Sta. Ana, Manila Pasig River Ferry Service The Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission was placed in charge of this attempt at implementing a ferry service down the Pasig River. Before the Pasig became as polluted as it is, ferries were common place on the river. The last two attempts to bring in a ferry service were cut short due to too much garbage on the river, shanty towns, and foul odors. With the river being dredged, shanty towns being relocated away from the river, and other environmentally sustainable initiatives, these are now less of a problem for the ferry service. Ferry service was brought back into the Pasig River in 2007 under the management of the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission. It was to be operated by SCC Nautical Transport Services Inc. Six boats with capacity for 150 people, air conditioning, televisions, security, and washrooms were put into service. This new service was the longest lasting ferry service down the Pasig in recent years and also had the longest route, with 14 stations lining the major hubs on the river. With fares ranging from P25 to P60 per trip and travel times cut in half for many, the ferry allowed many people to skip all of the congested streets of Manila. With less garbage, foul odors, shanty towns, and more environmental initiatives being implemented, river tour were also being conducted by SCC Nautical Transport Services Inc. It was not all smooth sailing for the latest attempt to implement a ferry service down the Pasig. The Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission oversaw all operations and built the ferry terminals, while SCC Nautical Transport Services Inc operated the ferry service and four of the terminals in Quiapo, Kalawaan, Bambang, and Nagpayong. The Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission received none of the profits from these stations and since these stations were the first four stations, the ferries were generally full by the time they arrived at the other ferry terminals. The Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission also only received only P5 of every ticket sold, leading them to loss P94. 7 million (Expenses: P101. 4 million; Revenue: P7. 33 million). Another problem that occurred was that SCC Nautical Transport Services Inc was supposed to implement 18 50-seat vessels and not 6 150-seat vessels. It was due to this that some of the stations along the route could not be used because the boats were too large to navigate. With river tours being operated, many scheduled trips had to be cancelled to accommodate the tours, causing many frustrated passengers to stop taking the ferry and causing passenger numbers to dwindle. Before this, the passenger numbers were high enough that all ferries were full and SCC Nautical Transport Services Inc was considering purchasing more ferries. The ferry service ceased operations in 2011. Efforts to revive the river began in December 1989 with the help of Danish authorities. The Pasig River Rehabilitation Program (PRRP) was established, with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources as the main agency with the coordination of the Danish International Development Assistance. In 1999, President Joseph Estrada signed Executive Order No. 4 establishing the PRRC to replace the old PRRP with additional expanded powers such as managing of wastes and resettling of squatters. This government agency was going to be squarely responsible for synergizing the efforts of the government and the private sector as far as improving the current state of the Pasig was concerned. Executive Order No. 54 dated January 6, 1999 as amended by Executive Order No. 65 dated January 19, 1999 created the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC) to ensure that the waterway is rehabilitated to its pristine conditions conducive to transport, recreation and tourism. The Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission started its operation on January 1999 but actual disbursement of funds started only on May of the same year. The Commission, which is attached to the Office of the President is composed of the Secretary of the Department of Budget and Management as the Chairman, the Chairman of the Metro Manila Development Authority as the Co-Chairman, and twelve members Secretaries and Heads or their representatives, from the Office of the Executive Secretary, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Public Works and Highways, Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council, Department of Tourism, Department of Transportation and Communication, Department of Finance, Department of National Defense, Department of the Interior and Local Government, Department of Trade and Industry and five private sectors namely, Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company, GMA Network, Inc. , Clean and Green Foundation, Inc. , Unilever Philippines and Ms. Mikaela Maria Antonia C. Jaworski. As of December 31, 2001, PRRC had the personnel complement of 35. Among the powers and functions of the Commission are: 1. Draw up an updated master plan on the rehabilitation of the Pasig River, taking into account its potential for transportation, recreation and tourism; 2. Ensure that the easements provided in the Civil Code and other related laws are observed including all the esteros and waterways that drain into the Pasig River; 3. Integrate and coordinate all programs related to the rehabilitation of the Pasig River, such as, but not limited to the Pasig River Development Program (P. D. 274), Proclamation No. 704, series of 1995 and the Pasig River Environment and Rehabilitation Sector Development Program, a continuation of the Pasig River Rehabilitation Program; 4. Abate the dumping of untreated industrial wastewater and sewerage into the river including all acts and omission in violation of the Pollution Control Law and other related laws; 5. Relocate settlers, squatters and other unauthorized or unlawful occupants along its banks; 6. Undertake civil works for the purpose, such as dredging, clearing of structures, cleaning of the River and all esteros and waterways that drain into it. As of the present, the river has been becoming more and more popular as a means of transport from one side of the metro to the other. The ferry system is once again running smoothly and is even being made into a tourism draw. There have been also lots of clearing operations meant to remove the unwanted illegal settlers who live on the Pasig River’s banks. The river still remains to be dead in terms of its ability to sustain most types of animal and plant life, but it seems like things are going on the upside. The Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission is already showing their hard work through photos available on their official website. The commission is not only concerned with the river itself – they have also invested in making the banks of the river more pleasant.