Agave Plants of Ancient Mesoamerica

Maguey or agave (also called the century plant for its long life) is a native plant (or rather, lots of plants) from the North American continent, now cultivated in many parts of the world. Agave belongs to the family Asparagaceae which has 9 genera and around 300 species, about 102 taxa of which are used as human food. Agave grows in arid, semiarid, and temperate forests of the Americas at elevations between sea level to about 2,750 meters (9,000 feet) above sea level, and thrives in agriculturally marginal parts of the environment. Archaeological evidence from Guitarrero Cave indicates that agave was first used at least as long as 12,000 years ago by Archaic hunter-gatherer groups. Main Species of Agave Plants Some of the major agave species, their common names and primary uses are: Agave angustifolia, known as Caribbean agave; consumed as food and aguamiel (sweet sap)  A. fourcroydes or henequen;  grown primarily for its fiberA. inaequidens, called maguey alto because of its height or maguey bruto because the presence of saponins in its tissue can cause dermatitis;  30 different uses including food and aguamielA. hookeri, also called maguey alto, is used primarily for its fibers, sweet sap, and sometimes used to form live fencesA. sisalana or sisal hemp, primarily fiberA. tequilana, blue agave, agave azul or tequila agave; primarily for sweet sapA. salmiana or green giant, grown mainly for sweet sap Agave Products In ancient Mesoamerica, maguey was used for a variety of purposes. From its leaves, people obtained fibers to make ropes, textiles, sandals, construction materials, and fuel. The agave heart, the plants above-ground storage organ that contains carbohydrates and water, is edible by humans. The stems of the leaves are used to make small tools, such as needles. The ancient Maya used agave spines as perforators during their bloodletting rituals. One important product obtained from maguey was sweet sap, or aguamiel (honey water in Spanish), the sweet, milky juice extracted from the plant. When fermented, aguamiel is used to make a mildly alcoholic beverage called pulque, as well as distilled beverages such as mescal and modern tequila, bacanora, and raicilla. Mescal The word mescal (sometimes spelled mezcal) comes from two Nahuatl terms melt and ixcalli which together mean oven-cooked agave. To produce mescal, the core of the ripe maguey plant is baked in an earth oven. Once the agave core is cooked, it is ground to extract the juice, which is placed in containers and left to ferment. When the fermentation is complete, alcohol (ethanol) is separated from the non-volatile elements through distillation to obtain pure mescal. Archaeologists debate whether mescal was known in pre-Hispanic times or if it was an innovation of the Colonial period. Distillation was a well-known process in Europe, derived from Arabic traditions. Recent investigations in the site of Nativitas in Tlaxcala, Central Mexico, however, are providing evidence for possible prehispanic mezcal production. At Nativitas, investigators found chemical evidence for maguey and pine inside earth and stone ovens dated between the mid- and late Formative (400 BCE to 200 CE) and the Epiclassic period (650 to 900 CE). Several large jars also contained chemical traces of agave and may have been used to store sap during the fermentation process, or used as distillation devices. Investigators Serra Puche and colleagues note that the set up at Navitas is similar to methods used to make mescal by several indigenous communities throughout Mexico, such as the Pai Pai community in Baja California, the Nahua community of Zitlala in Guerrero, and the Guadalupe Ocotlan Nayarit community in Mexico City. Domestication Processes Despite its importance in ancient and modern Mesoamerican societies, very little is known about the agaves domestication. That is most likely because the same species of agave can be found in several different gradations of domestication. Some agaves are completely domesticated and grown in plantations, some are tended in the wild, some seedlings (vegetative propagules) are transplanted into home gardens, some seeds collected and grown in seedbeds or nurseries for market. In general, domesticated agave plants are larger than their wild cousins, have fewer and smaller spines, and lower genetic diversity, this last a result of being grown in plantations. Only a handful have been studied for evidence of the onset of domestication and management to date. Those include Agave fourcroydes (henequen), thought to have been domesticated by the Pre-Columbian Maya of Yucatan from A. angustafolia; and Agave hookeri, thought to have been developed from A. inaequidens at a currently unknown time and place. The Mayans and Henequen The most information we have about maguey domestication is henequen (A. fourcroydes, and sometimes spelled henequà ©n). It was domesticated by the Maya perhaps as early as 600 CE. It was certainly fully domesticated when the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the 16th century; Diego de Landa reported that henequen was grown in house-gardens and it was of much better quality than that in the wild. There were at least 41 traditional uses for henequen, but agricultural mass production at the turn of the 20th century has depressed the genetic variability. There were once seven different varieties of henequen reported by the Maya (Yaax Ki, Sac Ki, Chucum Ki, Bab Ki, Kitam Ki, Xtuk Ki, and Xix Ki), as well as at least three wild varieties (called chelem white, green, and yellow). Most of them were deliberately eradicated around 1900  when extensive plantations of Sac Ki were produced for commercial fiber production. Agronomy manuals of the day recommended that farmers work towards eliminating the other varieties, which were viewed as lesser-useful competition. That process was accelerated by the invention of a fiber-extracting machine that was built to fit the Sac Ki type. The three surviving varieties of cultivated henequen left today are: Sac Ki, or white henequen, most abundant and preferred by the cordage industryYaax Ki, or green henequen, similar to white but of lower yieldKitam Ki, wild boar henequen, which has soft fiber and low yield, and is very rare, and used for hammock and sandal manufacture Archaeological Evidence for the Use of Maguey Because of their organic nature, products derived from maguey are rarely identifiable in the archaeological record. Evidence of maguey use comes instead from the technological implements used to process and store the plant and its derivatives. Stone scrapers with plant residue evidence from processing agave leaves  are abundant in Classic and Postclassic times, along with cutting and storing implements. Such implements are rarely found in Formative and earlier contexts. Ovens that may have been used to cook maguey cores have been found in archaeological sites, such as Nativitas in the state of Tlaxcala, Central Mexico, Paquimà © in Chihuahua, La Quemada in Zacatecas and at Teotihuacà ¡n. At Paquimà ©, remains of agave were found inside one of several subterranean ovens. In Western Mexico, ceramic vessels with depictions of agave plants have been recovered from several burials dated to the Classic period. These elements underscore the important role that this plant played in the economy as well as the social life of the community. History and Myth The Aztecs/Mexica had a specific patron deity for this plant, the goddess Mayahuel. Many Spanish chroniclers, such as Bernardino de Sahagun, Bernal Diaz del Castillo, and Fray Toribio de Motolinia, stressed the importance that this plant and its products had within the Aztec empire. Illustrations in the Dresden and Tro-Cortesian codices show people hunting, fishing or carrying bags for trade, using cordage or nets made from agave fibers. Edited by K. Kris Hirst Sources Casas, A, et al. Evolutionary Ethnobotanical Studies of Incipient Domestication of Plants in Mesoamerica. Lira R, Casas A, and Blancas J, editors. Ethnobotany of Mexico: Interactions of People and Plants in Mesoamerica. New York: Springer New York, 2016. pp. 257-285.Colunga-Garcà ­a, Marà ­n P. The domestication of henequen. Gà ³mez-Pompa A, Allen MF, Fedick SL, and Jimà ©nez-Osornio JJ, editors. The Lowland Maya Area: Three Millennia at the Human-Wildland Interface. New York: Food Products Press, 2003. pp. 439-446.Evans, Susan T. â€Å"The Productivity of Maguey Terrace Agriculture in Central Mexico during the Aztec Period.†Ã‚  Latin American Antiquity, vol. 1, no. 2, 1990, pp. 117–132.Figueredo, Carmen Julia, et al. â€Å"Morphological Variation, Management and Domestication of Maguey Alto ( Agave Inaequidens ) and Maguey Manso ( A. Hookeri ) in Michoacà ¡n, Mà ©xico.† Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, BioMed Central, 16 Sept. 2014.Figueredo, Car men Julia, et al. â€Å"Genetic Structure of Coexisting Wild and Managed Agave Populations: Implications for the Evolution of Plants under Domestication.†Ã‚  AoB Plants, Mar. 2015.Freeman, Jacob, et al. â€Å"Crop Specialization, Exchange and Robustness in a Semi-Arid Environment.†Ã‚  Human Ecology, vol. 42, no. 2, 2014, pp. 297–310.Parsons, Jeffrey R, and Mary H. Parsons.  Maguey Utilization in Highland Central Mexico: An Archaeological Ethnography. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, 1990.Piven, N. M. et al. Reproductive biology of henequà ©n (. Am. J. Bot., vol. 88, 2001, pp. 1966-1976.Agave fourcroydes) and its wild ancestor  Agave Angustifolia  (Agavaceae). i. Gametophyte developmentRakita, GFM. Emergent Complexity, Ritual Practices, and Mortuary Behavior at Paquimà ©, Chihuahua, Mexico. VanPool CS, VanPool TL, Phillips, Jr. DA editors. Religion in the Prehispanic Southwest. Lanham: AltaMira Press, 2006.Robertson IG, and Cabrera Co rtà ©s MO. Teotihuacan pottery as evidence for subsistence practices involving maguey sap. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, 2017, pp. 11-27.Serra MC and Lazcano CA. The Drink Mescal: Its Origin and Ritual Uses. Staller J and Carrasco M editors, Pre-Columbian Foodways. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica, London: Springer, 2010.Serra Puche MC. Produccià ³n, circulacià ³n y consumo de la bebida del mezcal arqueolà ³gico y actual. Long Towell J, and Attolini Lecà ³n A, editors. Caminos y Mercados de Mà ©xico. Cuidad de Mà ©xico: Universidad Nacional Autà ³noma de Mà ©xico, Instituto de Investigaciones Histà ³ricas, 2009, pp. 169-184.Stewart JR. 2015. Agave as a model CAM crop system for a warming and drying world. Frontiers in Plant Science vol. 6, no. 684, 2015.

Eating Disorders Eating, Bulimia, And Anorexia - 1215 Words

There are many different types of eating disorders such as binge-eating, bulimia, and anorexia. All three eating disorders are very similar, but they are also differ with the issue they cause. Eating disorders can be harmful to a persons’ body because when they keep vomiting, it causes certain parts of the body to deteriorate over time. Each disorder has many symptoms, causes, warning signs, and health problems. All disorders differ with the way they affect people and how the person is treated. Binge-eating disorder consists of eating a larger amount of food within a short amount of time. People that have the binge-eating disorder do not try to remove the calories that they intake, they may try dieting or eating normal sized meal†¦show more content†¦Some interesting facts about binge-eating is that it affects more women than it does men. Around 60 percent of females struggle with this disorder, whereas; 40 percent of males struggle with it. This disorder affe cts people from all demographic backgrounds, and two-thirds of people who deal with this disorder are obese. People who are dealing with binge-eating disorder are often normal or a little overweight. They often suffer with distress and guilt, and a low quality of life that stems from anxiety and depression. Bulimia nervosa, also known as bulimia, is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder in which the person secretly eats food. There are two different types of Bulimia that include Purging and Nonpurging. Purging bulimia is where a people regularly vomits or uses laxatives after eating a large amount of food. Nonpurging bulimia is where a people uses different methods such as fasting or excessive exercise to remove calories in order to prevent gaining weight. Some symptoms of bulimia are being worried about body and gaining weight, uncontrollable eating, feeling discomfort after eating, large binge eating episode, vomit or exercise after eating, misusing laxativ es, restricting calories, and excessive use of dietary supplements. The exact cause of bulimia are unknown, but some doctors say that it is caused byShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders : Anorexia And Bulimia1676 Words   |  7 Pagesreason, many people thought it was wrong of Kate to say such a thing and claimed she was promoting eating disorders. This phrase, although years old, still has influence on young women in today’s society where whether someone eats too much or too little, they are judged. This being said it is no surprise that the leading mental illnesses in America are Anorexia and Bulimia. Both Anorexia and Bulimia are similar in the fact that they are highly popular in today’s world where it seems that physicalRead MoreEating Disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia1614 Words   |  6 PagesWhat do Anorexia and Bulimia have in common? They are both deadly eating disorders that can cause severe physical and mental health problems. Anorexia is an eating disorder of self- imposed starvation and a mental illness. In fact, anorexia has one of the highest death rates of any mental illness(Gerri FreidKramer, page 15). Bulimia is a mental eating disorder characterized by overeating followed by purging(Gerri Freid Kramer, page 21). People with bulimia are known for self induced vomitingRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia And Bulimia1229 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve, eating disorders are not a thing of the past. They are unfortunately very prevalent; eating disorders affect up to 30 million Americans and 70 million individuals worldwide. 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Women will go to the extreme to meet thoseRead MoreEating Disorders Such As Bulimia, Binge Eating, And Anorexia1202 Words   |  5 PagesEating disorders such as Bulimia, Binge Eating, and Anorexia are common diagnosis when the subject of eating disorders is discussed. In fact, we hear about these in textbooks, movies, commercials and specific websites when we search for information. There are additional diagnosis which fall into a more selective form of disorders. Diabulimia is an eating disorder selective to insulin dependent individuals diagnosed with Diabetes . Health issues arise that can be very harmful not only due to lackRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, And Binge Eating1453 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States of America 20 million women, and 10 million men suffer from a clinically significant eating disorder at some time in their life. There are three types of eating disorders, Anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating. 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According to a National Institute of Mental Health article (Eating Disorders, 2016), an eating disorder is an illness that causes physical disturbance to your everyday diet. A person who is stressed or concerned abo ut their body weight is a sign that he or she might have an eating disorder. Out of all the eating disorders, the two most common are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder where people, who are underweightRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1830 Words   |  8 Pagesneeded to be thin. She would do all she can to get thin. She would look in the mirror and see herself as being fat and ugly. So she chooses not to eat or she binge eat and then purge. Now Addie has what is called an eating disorder. An eating disorder is can be described as abnormal eating to alter the body image due to psychological reasons. According to Janet Belsky, it can also be classified as a pathological obsession with getting and staying thin. (Belsky 252) They are associated with a wide rangeRead MoreEating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa2131 Words   |  9 PagesUsing the cases of two eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa), or obesity, one can determine that health and illnesses are just as much of a societal and cultural issue, as they are a medical issue. Eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia are both mental illnesses. Anorexia nervosa involves starving oneself to avoid gaining weight, while bulimia involves binge eating followed by purging to avoid weight gain (Gerber and Macionis 2012). Both of these disorders stem from a fear of

The Mexican Drug War and Its Consequences Free Essays

The Mexican Drug War and Its Consequences Despite President Felipe Calderon’s good intentions and determination to eliminate the drug cartels in Mexico, the Mexican government has not been able to stop the drug cartel’s operations (smuggling drugs, people and weapons to and from the USA) for many reasons. The drug cartels have proven to be powerful, well connected politically, well trained, well- armed, and manipulation of the masses. Therefore, it has been impossible for the Mexican government to stop cartels like La Familia from operating, and now the cartels have become a problem for the Unites States too. We will write a custom essay sample on The Mexican Drug War and Its Consequences or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Mexican cartels have proven to be unstoppable for the Mexican government. President of Mexico Felipe Calderon’s decision to send fifty thousand soldiers and twenty thousand federal police has not been enough to stop the cartel’s indiscriminate killings. According to the University of San Diego Trans-Border Institute of Analysis and Data, since January of 2007, 28,228 people have died in drug-related violence in Mexico (Sandiego. edu). Going muscle to muscle with the cartels has proven to be the wrong decision. Sending all those troops and federal police has only served to increases the death toll. Cartels like La Familia are well armed and trained. According to intelligence, members of La Familia must complete three to six month training camp in Michoacan, conducted by ex-members of the Colombian or Mexican Special Forces. La Familia uses equipment, weapons, and uniforms similar to those of the Federal Investigations Agency, therefore operating without being detected in cities and on highways (La Familia Michoacana fact sheet, DEA). It is a fact that La Familia is well armed with weapons that come from the United States. La Familia has the connections and the money to buy these weapons; Calderon continues to send more troops to combat the cartel, but this military effort will not work. La Familia cannot be stopped since they know how to manipulate the masses, by threats and targeting opposing citizens, and this makes the situation even worse for the Mexican government as they try to obtain help from citizens to capture the leaders. La familia has won the loyalty of many people through political and Christian beliefs, but mostly through intimidation. In the article â€Å"Silver or Lead,† we can see how a regional official named Veronica Medina has selective hearing in favor of La Familia. Medina is clearly in favor of La Familia even though she works for the Mexican government. It could be quite possible that Medina is on La Familia’s payroll. La Familia is known to win favors by offering monetary rewards. La Familia also intimidates people with violence; they take over a town and tell the mayor, â€Å"We want to work here. There will be no trouble, no crime, no drunkenness, nothing. † Then, they enforce their rules. Mayors are usually paid for their hospitality. It is silver or Lead (Finnegan 48). How can regional officials decline? Since they are substantially underpaid and their lives are threatened, they are almost forced if they don’t they face almost certain death at the hands of the cartel. As long as the Mexican government continues with this plan of combatting cartel, it will never see the end of the cartel. Mexico is a traditional Catholic country; most of the Catholics practicing in North America live in Mexico. La Familia uses this religious fervor to gain the sympathy of the people’s town. La Familia knows they will gain sympathy and new people who want to work for them if their organization somehow shows they are Christian believers. La Familia wants people to think that they only kill those who have committed a crime. According to William Finnegan â€Å"La Familia doesn’t kill for money, it doesn’t kill women, it doesn’t kill innocent people–only those who deserve to die. Everyone should know: this is divine justice† (Finnegan 40). These words were actually written on a sign left by La Familia at one of their assassination sites. Their propaganda implies the need for divine justice. They are trying every way possible to make people believe they are doing God’s work. The Mexican church has not said anything about it, and there are people who are led to believe that perhaps some of the violent works of the La Familia are necessary and maybe even justified. La Familia’s smuggling business has a big negative effect on America society and economy. Since La Familia is willing to pay the exorbitant amounts of money for necessary costly weapons, it entices Americans into breaking the law by getting involved in the illegally sales of arms. In February 2007, drug cartels gunmen attacked two offices of the Guerrero state attorney general’s office in the resort town of Acapulco, killing four officers and three secretaries. One of the rifles used in the attack was traced back to the United States (guns without borders). Federal agents say about 90 percent of the 12000 pistols and rifles that the Mexican authorities recovered from drug dealers in the United States are mostly from Texas and Arizona (McKinley 1). Every gun smuggler captured is sent to prison, and the government has to house him and fed him, costing taxpayers thousands of dollars a year. Drug addiction costs the U. S. billions in health care. According to the 2008 National Survey of Drug Use and Health, approximately three million Americans 12 or older initiated the use of an illicit drug. That is nearly 8000 people per day (2008 national survey of drug and health). More than half of all people arrested in the United States test positive for illegal drugs. Drug use is closely connected to robbery and property crime. Substances abused led directly to the death of 38000 Americans (Executive Office of the President of the United States). The drug cartels are clearly affecting America Society and their economy. The U. S. government needs to work harder to implement regulations on its side of the border. The Mexican government has tried almost everything, but it has not been successful. If the Mexican Government continues with the same approach to the drug cartel problems ultimately the drug cartels will overturn the government. Mexico is a civilized nation, and will not likely go to civil war over the drug cartels; still nobody has tried to take the drastic measures needed. La Familia is more brutal. La Familia is more motivated to keep their power than the government is to stop them; consequently they are impossible to stop. Works Cited Executive Office of the President of the United States. Web. 7. Nov. 2010 â€Å"Guns Without Borders† The New York Times. Web. 6. Nov. 2010 James Mckinley, â€Å"U. S. Stymied as Guns Flow to Mexican Cartels†, The New York Times, April 15, 2009 â€Å"La Familia Michoacana Fact Sheet†, DEA. Web. 5. Nov. 2010 Sandiego. edu. Web. 6. Nov. 2010 William Finnegan, â€Å"Silver or Lead†, The New Yorker, May 31, 2010, 40, 48 2008 National Survey of Drug Use and Health. Web. 6. Nov. 2010 How to cite The Mexican Drug War and Its Consequences, Essays

‘Drifters’ by Bruce Dawe Essay Example For Students

‘Drifters’ by Bruce Dawe Essay Donald Bruce Dawe was born in 1930 in Geelong. Victoria. Melbourne. he is one of the most successful and fecund modern-day poets of Australia. He struggled with his surveies. go forthing school when he was 16. working as a nurseryman and mailman. In 1954 he entered the University of Melbourne. He grew up in a family where his male parent. a farm laborer. was frequently unemployed and absent from place. The verse form ‘Drifters’ by Bruce Dawe should be selected for the esteemed honor of ‘Best Contemporary Australian Poem’ as it is a pragmatism verse form. describes Australian life style felicitously. which lead the Australian modern-day audiences easy fall in the verse form and profoundly engraved in their head. Bruce Dawe drifted through his early old ages demoing promise as a author but happening small way. which characterises his poesy and gives a voice to alleged ordinary Australians. Bruce Dawe has published 12 books of poesy. His poesies are described a bout life and how people deal with mundane obstructions. The verse form that I am put uping is ‘Drifters’ by Bruce Dawe. The verse form ‘Drifters’ describe the life manner that most Australians went through in the sixtiess. due to economic adversity. This verse form shows how they weren’t able to set up a stable life style due to frequently traveling communities and places. Australian audiences feel emotional as it describes the subsistence of the late sixtiess. The verse form ‘Drifters’ depicts the ungratified life of a transient and a rouseabout household. The verse form demonstrates the fate of the family’s being. ‘Drifters’ is about a family who move from topographic point to topographic point. as the male parent needs to travel to happen work ‘notice how the oldest miss is close to tears’ shows that the adversity that the eldest sister has to travel through. she realised that her mobile lives may neer alter. she can non populate as a normal adolescent as she is non stationed in one topographic point long plenty. to go friends with the same age as hers. she is bit by bit defeated with her life. ‘Make a wish. Tom. do a want. ’ Bruce Dawe besides shows a serious side in the verse form. as the female parent merely wish to settle down and hold the bright hereafter which she has ever dreamed of. As the verse form explained. the household members do non hold with the thought of go fort hing merely for the interest of go forthing. Bruce Dawe uses symbols to make tempers demoing unhappiness and the loss of hope. Dawe’s line ‘and when the loaded Ute bumps down the thrust past the blackberry canes with their last dried-up fruit’ . the blackberries were used as an index of clip. on their reaching the berries were the ‘first of the season’ but by the clip when they drove past the blackberry cane was they’re saw merely ‘their last dried-up fruit’ . This tells us that they possibly merely stayed for approximately two or three months. ‘The brown kelpy whelp will get down darting approximately. stumbling everyone up’ The Canis familiaris run around barking. shows the scene of a helter-skelter house. it besides conveys a sense of bad fortune to the household. A â€Å"kelpie† is an Australian shepherd dog. in Scots it refers to an evil H2O spirit that takes the signifier of a Equus caballus and drowns travelers. This cross-meaning gives the verse form a sense of danger. connoting that the household is non merely going with a puppy for the kids but is besides an portent of bad fortune. The surprisingness of the move is conveyed by the fact that the tomatoes are still green on the vine. They neer live in the one topographic point long plenty for the tomatoes to mature. This could be the same for other facets of their lives. doing new friends could be an illustration. They started to go friendly with the people of their vicinity. but shortly they’ll have to travel once more. â€Å"the bottling set she neer unpacked from Grovedale† . .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030 , .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030 .postImageUrl , .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030 , .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030:hover , .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030:visited , .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030:active { border:0!important; } .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030:active , .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030 .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5b22cc07467744337d3bebdbf49f030:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Six Hours Of Television EssayThis shows how the married woman has accepted the destiny she lives. Bruce Dawe besides uses repeat ‘Make a wish. Tom. do a want. ’ as the stoping of the verse form with a strong sense of hope and the usage of ‘and’ several times throughout the verse form. conveying an ongoing. enjambement or confession. ‘Drifters’ is directed towards the transeunt workers. depicting the Australia phenomenon. The verse form ‘Drifters’ continues to hold significance in today as today’s planetary citizens on a regular basis migrate to new continents. ‘Drifters’ by Bruce Dawe writes about ordinary Australian people in the suburbs facing their mundane jobs. picturing a typical Aussie modern twenty-four hours rouseabout. Bruce Dawe utilizing poetic techniques and workmanship to picture the adversity that the Australian had gone through. which successful in plunging and prosecuting the attending of the readers. We can understand the personal’s ideas through multiple linguistic communication and poetic techniques through the verse form.